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October 28, 2026CompoundingHHS lets 503A pharmacies compound six peptides under an interim enforcement discretion policyOctober 28, 2026Trial resultRetatrutide beats Ozempic on blood sugar and weight in head-to-head TRANSCEND-T2D-2 trialOctober 23, 2026FDA approvalFDA extends once-weekly insulin icodec (Awiqli) to children 10 and older with type 2 diabetesOctober 21, 2026CompoundingCitizen petition asks FDA not to allow compounding of seven peptides reviewed by its advisory committeeOctober 1, 2026Trial resultSurvodutide SYNCHRONIZE-2 phase 3 results in obesity with type 2 diabetes published in NEJMSeptember 30, 2026Trial resultEloraTZP (eloralintide plus tirzepatide) phase 2 results presented at EASD 2026September 30, 2026Trial resultOrforglipron ACHIEVE-4 cardiovascular safety trial published in The LancetSeptember 29, 2026Trial resultFull TRIUMPH-2 retatrutide results published in The LancetSeptember 24, 2026FDA approvalFDA approves insulin efsitora alfa (Onswik), a once-weekly basal insulin for type 2 diabetesSeptember 21, 2026WADAWADA publishes 2027 Prohibited List, naming peptides as examples of non-approved substances

October 28, 2026CompoundingHHS lets 503A pharmacies compound six peptides under an interim enforcement discretion policyOctober 28, 2026Trial resultRetatrutide beats Ozempic on blood sugar and weight in head-to-head TRANSCEND-T2D-2 trialOctober 23, 2026FDA approvalFDA extends once-weekly insulin icodec (Awiqli) to children 10 and older with type 2 diabetesOctober 21, 2026CompoundingCitizen petition asks FDA not to allow compounding of seven peptides reviewed by its advisory committeeOctober 1, 2026Trial resultSurvodutide SYNCHRONIZE-2 phase 3 results in obesity with type 2 diabetes published in NEJMSeptember 30, 2026Trial resultEloraTZP (eloralintide plus tirzepatide) phase 2 results presented at EASD 2026September 30, 2026Trial resultOrforglipron ACHIEVE-4 cardiovascular safety trial published in The LancetSeptember 29, 2026Trial resultFull TRIUMPH-2 retatrutide results published in The LancetSeptember 24, 2026FDA approvalFDA approves insulin efsitora alfa (Onswik), a once-weekly basal insulin for type 2 diabetesSeptember 21, 2026WADAWADA publishes 2027 Prohibited List, naming peptides as examples of non-approved substances

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Reading the science · Part 5: Numbers without fear

Confidence intervals

Lesson 3.5.2 · 6 min read · Professional plan

What you'll learn

Every study result is an estimate, and a confidence interval shows the range of plausible values.
STEP 1's difference of -12.44 points had a narrow 95 percent CI (-13.37 to -11.51), far from zero.
Wide intervals signal considerable uncertainty.
CIs show how big an effect may be, not just whether one exists.

← Relative risk vs. absolute risk · All lessons in Reading the science · What "significant" really means →